Stingrays and zebra mbuna fish know how to add and subtract

Stingrays and zebra mbuna fish shown fewer than five shapes can add or subtract “one” from the total to gain a reward

By Carissa Wong

Stingrays and zebra mbuna fish can perform simple addition and subtraction involving numbers between 1 and 5.

Several studies have shown that fish can tell the difference between higher and lower numbers. But it remains unclear whether they can carry out mental calculations to add and subtract numbers from each other.

Vera Schluessel at the University of Bonn in Germany and her colleagues designed tests to work out whether stingrays (Potamotrygon motoro) and zebra mbuna fish (Pseudotropheus zebra) can add or subtract the numerical value of ‘one’ from numbers between one and five.

The team first trained six zebra mbunas and four stingrays to navigate a tank with multiple compartments to make choices after seeing an initial stimulus. The animals started in a compartment where they were shown a picture of two shapes for 5 seconds. After this period, they could swim through an open door, into a test area where there were two more pictures of shapes: one showing one shape and one showing three shapes.

If the two shapes in the initial picture were yellow, the fish were rewarded in the test area if they swam towards the image showing just one shape – a subtraction operation. If the two shapes in the initial image were blue, the fish were rewarded in the test area for swimming towards the image showing three shapes – an addition operation.

Once the fish had been trained to associate yellow with subtraction and blue with addition, the team tested the fishes’ ability to count. In the first test, the animals were presented with an initial stimulus of three shapes in either yellow or blue. Then, in the test area, they could choose from either two shapes or four shapes. The zebra mbunas correctly chose ‘addition’ – the four-shape option – 82 per cent of the time when they saw a blue stimulus, and successfully chose ‘subtraction’ – the two-shape option – 68 per cent of the time following a yellow stimulus. Meanwhile, the stingrays successfully added 96 per cent of the time and correctly subtracted 90 per cent of the time.

The team then explored whether the animals simply chose the larger or smaller quantity of shapes, or if they had really learned to add or subtract exactly one shape from the initial condition. In this case, the choices were either plus one or plus two blue shapes if the initial stimulus was blue, and minus one or minus two yellow shapes if the stimulus was yellow.

“They had to memorise what they had seen previously, and they had to add and subtract exactly one,” says Schluessel.

The zebra mbunas correctly chose ‘plus one’ over ‘plus two’ 70 per cent of the time, and subtracted exactly one 66 per cent of the time. The stingrays correctly chose ‘plus one’ over ‘plus two’ 90 per cent of the time and correctly subtracted exactly one 87 per cent of the time.

In all tests, the team controlled for the total area of the shapes in each picture – because some people think the fish may simply process the combined surface area of objects rather than truly counting in the sense we understand it.

“It’s quite surprising to see what abilities these types of animals actually have when we give them a chance. Many people protest against putting cows or chicken into tiny cages, but very few people go on the street for fish,” says Schluessel. “This is just one of many studies that suggests that sentience and cognition in fish really deserves a little bit more consideration.”

Journal reference: Scientific Reports, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07552-2

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